Enver hoxhaj biography of abraham

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Toggle the table of contents. A problem developed when the Yugoslav Communists disagreed with the goal of establishing a Greater Albania and asked the Communists in Albania to withdraw their agreement. According to Hoxha, Josip Broz Tito did not believe that "Kosovo was Albanian" and Serbian opposition to the transfer made it an unwise option. The Permet National Congress held during that time called for a "new democratic Albania for the people".

Although the monarchy was not formally abolished, King Zog I of the Albanians was barred from returning to the country, which further increased the Communists' control. In the rest of what became the Soviet bloc, the Communist parties were at least nominally parts of coalitions before they dropped all pretenses of pluralism and established one-party states.

After Albania's liberation on 29 Novemberseveral Albanian partisan divisions crossed the border into German-occupied Yugoslavia, where they fought alongside Tito's partisans and the Soviet Red Army in a joint campaign which succeeded in driving out the last pockets of German resistance. The Democratic Frontdominated by the Albanian Communist Party, succeeded the National Liberation Front in Augustand the first post-war election was held on 2 December of that year.

On 11 JanuaryZog was officially deposed and the People's Republic of Albania was established it was renamed the People's Socialist Republic of Albania indespite the fact that the country had been a Communist state since its liberation.

Enver hoxhaj biography of abraham: Enver Hoxha - Vepra

As First Secretary of the party, Hoxha was de facto head of state and as a result, he was the most powerful man in the country. Albanians celebrate their independence day on 28 November which is the date on which they declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire inwhile in the former People's Socialist Republic of Albania the national day was 29 November, the day the country was liberated from Nazi Germany.

Both days are currently national holidays. The sacrifices of our people were very great. Out of a population of one million, 28, were killed, 12, wounded, 10, were made political prisoners in Italy and Germany, and 35, made to do forced labour; of the 2, towns and villages of Albania, enver hoxhaj biography of abraham ruined or razed to the ground; all the communications, all the ports, mines and electric power installations were destroyed, our agriculture and livestock were plundered, and our entire national economy was wrecked.

During the period of —, the government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law was passed in August It confiscated land from beys and large landowners, giving it without compensation to peasants. Ina border conflict erupted between Albania and Yugoslavia.

Enver Hoxha and the Albanian Military Intelligence servicesthe Sigurimi, played a significant role in promoting separatism in Kosovo and the idea of a " Greater Albania. Bythe US and British intelligence organisations were working with the former King Zog and the mountain men of his personal guard. Guerrilla units entered Albania in andbut they were killed or captured by Albanian security forces.

Kim Philbya Soviet double agent working as a liaison officer between MI6 and the CIAhad leaked details of the infiltration plan to Moscow, and the security breach claimed the lives of about infiltrators. On 19 Februarya bombing occurred at the Soviet embassy in Tirana, after which 23 accused intellectuals were arrested and put in prison.

One of them, Jonuz Kaceliwas killed by Mehmet Shehu during interrogation. Subsequently, the 22 others were executed without trial under Hoxha's orders. The State University of Tirana was established inwhich was the first of its kind in Albania. The medieval Gjakmarrja blood feud was banned. Malariathe most widespread disease, [ 35 ] was successfully fought through advances in health care, the use of DDTand through the draining of swampland.

From tono cases of malaria were reported, whereas previously Albania had the greatest number of infected patients in Europe. At this point, relations with Yugoslavia had begun to change. The Session considered the problems that the post-independence Albanian government would face. He also stressed the view that the Yugoslav Communist partisans spearheaded the Albanian partisan movement.

Anti-Yugoslav members of the Albanian Communist Party had begun to think that this was a plot by Tito who intended to destabilize the Party. Tito's position on Albania was that it was too weak to stand on its own and that it would do better as a part of Yugoslavia. Hoxha alleged that Tito had made it his goal to get Albania into Yugoslavia, firstly by creating the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Aid in In time, Albania began to feel that the treaty was heavily slanted towards Yugoslav interests, much like the Italian agreements with Albania under Zog that made the nation dependent upon Italy.

The first issue was that the Albanian lek became revalued in terms of the Yugoslav dinar as a customs union was formed and Albania's economic plan was decided more by Yugoslavia. Banja and V. We [Albania] were expected to produce for the Yugoslavs all the raw materials which they needed. These raw materials were to be exported to the metropolitan Yugoslavia to be processed there in Yugoslav factories.

The same applied to the production of cotton and other industrial crops, as well as oil, bitumen, asphalt, chrome, etc. Yugoslavia would supply its 'colony', Albania, with exorbitantly priced consumer goods, including even items such as needles and thread, and would provide us with petrol and oil, as well as glass for the lamps in which we burn the fuel extracted from our subsoil, processed in Yugoslavia and sold to us at high prices The aim of the Yugoslavs was, therefore, to prevent our country from developing either its industry or its working class, and to make it forever dependent on Yugoslavia.

Stalin advised Hoxha that Yugoslavia was attempting to annex Albania: "We did not know that the Yugoslavs, under the pretext of 'defending' your country against an attack from the Greek fascists, wanted to bring units of their army into the PRA [People's Republic of Albania]. They tried to do this in a very secretive manner. In reality, their aim in this direction was utterly hostile, for they intended to overturn the situation in Albania.

When Albania responded by making agreements with the Soviet Union to purchase a supply of agricultural machinery, Yugoslavia said that Albania could not enter into any agreements with other countries without Yugoslav approval. Nako Spiruan anti-Yugoslav member of the Party, condemned Xoxe and vice versa. With no one coming to Spiru's defense, he viewed the situation as hopeless and feared that Yugoslav domination of his nation was imminent, which caused him to commit suicide in November.

At the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party which lasted from 26 February to 8 MarchXoxe was implicated in a plot to isolate Hoxha and consolidate his own power. He accused Hoxha of being responsible for the decline in relations with Yugoslavia and stated that a Soviet military mission should be expelled in favor of a Yugoslav counterpart.

Hoxha managed to remain firm and his support had not declined.

Enver hoxhaj biography of abraham: Enver Hoxha was the leader

When Yugoslavia publicly broke with the Soviet Union, Hoxha's support base grew stronger. Then, on 1 JulyTirana called on all Yugoslav technical advisors to leave the country and unilaterally declared all treaties and agreements between the two countries null and void. Xoxe was expelled from the party and on 13 Junehe was executed by hanging.

After the break with Yugoslavia, Hoxha aligned himself with the Soviet Union. Albania was admitted to the Comecon on 22 February and it served as a pro-Soviet force on the Adriatic. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. Relations with the Soviet Union remained close until the death of Stalin in March It was followed by 14 days of national mourning in Albania — more than in the Soviet Union.

Under Nikita KhrushchevStalin's eventual successor, aid was reduced and Albania was encouraged to adopt Khrushchev's specialisation policy. Under it, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries while they would be developing products of their own, which would, in theory, strengthen the Warsaw Pact.

However, this also meant that Albanian industrial development, which was heavily stressed by Hoxha, would be hindered. Khrushchev also began making references to Palmiro Togliatti 's polycentrism theory. Hoxha had not been consulted on this and was offended. Yugoslavia began asking for Hoxha to rehabilitate the image of Xoxe, which Hoxha steadfastly rejected.

In at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionKhrushchev condemned the cult of personality that had been built up around Stalin and denounced his excesses. Khrushchev then announced the theory of peaceful coexistencewhich angered the Stalinist Hoxha greatly. The Institute of Marxist—Leninist Studies, led by Hoxha's wife Nexhmijequoted Vladimir Lenin : "The fundamental principle of the foreign policy of a socialist country and of a Communist party is proletarian internationalism ; not peaceful coexistence.

Unity within the Albanian Party of Labour began to decline as well, with a special delegate meeting held in Tirana in Aprilcomposed of delegates and having unexpected results. The delegates "criticized the conditions in the party, the negative attitude toward the masses, the absence of party and socialist democracy, the economic policy of the leadership, etc.

InHoxha called for a resolution which would confirm the existing leadership of the Party. The resolution was accepted, and all of the delegates who had spoken against it were expelled from the party and imprisoned.

Enver hoxhaj biography of abraham: Comrade Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of

Hoxha claimed that Yugoslavia had attempted to overthrow the leadership of Albania. This incident increased Hoxha's power, effectively making Khrushchev-style reforms impossible there. Chinese aid to Albania rose sharply during the next two years. In an effort to keep Albania in the Soviet sphere, increased Soviet aid was given but Albania's relations with the Soviet Union remained at the same level untilwhen Khrushchev met Sofoklis Venizelosa liberal Greek politician.

Khrushchev sympathised with the concept of an autonomous Greek North Epirus and he wanted to use Greek claims on North Epirus to keep the Albanian leadership in line. Especially shameless was the behavior of that agent of Mao Zedong, Enver Hoxha. He bared his fangs at us even more menacingly than the Chinese themselves. Relations with the Soviet Union rapidly deteriorated.

A hardline policy was adopted and the Soviets reduced grain shipments at a time when Albania needed them due to the possibility of a flood-induced famine. During the congress, Mehmet Shehu said that while many members of the Party were accused of tyrannythis was a baseless charge and unlike the Soviet Union, Albania was led by genuine Marxists.

The Soviet Union retaliated by threatening Albania with "dire consequences" if the condemnations were not retracted. In March, Albania was not invited to attend the meeting of the Warsaw Pact nations, and in April all Soviet technicians were withdrawn from Albania. In May nearly all Soviet troops at the Soviet submarine base were withdrawn. On 7 NovemberHoxha made a speech in which he called Khrushchev a "revisionist, an anti-Marxist and a defeatist".

Hoxha portrayed Stalin as the last Communist leader of the Soviet Union and alluded to Albania's independence. Albania was unofficially excluded from the Warsaw Pact and Comecon. The Soviet Union also attempted to claim control of the submarine base. The Albanian Party then passed a law prohibiting any other nation from owning an Albanian port. The Albanian—Soviet split was now complete.

As Hoxha's leadership continued, he took on an increasingly theoretical stance. He wrote criticisms which were based on theory and current events which occurred at the time; his most notable criticisms were his condemnations of Maoism after During World War II, the Albanian Communists encouraged women to join the partisans [ 61 ] and following the war, women were encouraged to take up menial jobs, as the education necessary for higher level work was out of most women's reach.

By During the Cultural and Ideological Revolutionwomen were encouraged to take up all jobs, including government posts, which resulted in The entire party and country should hurl into the fire and break the neck of anyone who dared trample underfoot the sacred edict of the party on the defense of women's rights. An electrification campaign was begun in and the entire nation was expected to have electricity by Instead, it achieved this on 25 October Hoxha's legacy also included a complex ofone-man concrete bunkers across a country of 3 million inhabitants, to act as look-outs and gun emplacements along with chemical weapons.

The types of bunkers vary from machine gun pillboxes, beach bunkers, to underground naval facilities and even Air Force Mountain and underground bunkers. Hoxha's internal policies were true to Stalin's paradigm which he admired, and the enver hoxhaj biography of abraham cult which was developed in the s and organised around him by the Party also bore a striking resemblance to that of Stalin.

At times it even reached an intensity which was as extreme as the personality cult of Kim Il Sung which Hoxha condemned [ 70 ] with Hoxha being portrayed as a genius commenting on virtually all facets of life from culture to economics to military matters. Each schoolbook required one or more quotations from him on the subjects being studied.

He adopted a different type military salute for the People's Army to render honors which was known as the "Hoxhaist salute", which involves soldiers curling their right fist and raising it to shoulder level. Hoxha's governance was also distinguished by his encouragement of a high birthrate policy. However, the nation discovered that the task of completing these building projects was difficult, because Albania's relations with its neighbors were poor and because matters were also complicated by the long distance between Albania and China.

By the time the constitution was promulgated, Albania had mostly become self-sufficient, but it lacked modern technology. Ideologically, Hoxha found that Mao's initial views were in line with Marxism—Leninism, due to his condemnation of Khrushchev's alleged revisionism and his condemnation of Yugoslavia. The financial aid which China provided to Albania was interest-free and it did not have to be repaid until Albania could afford to do so.

China never intervened in Albania's economic output, and Chinese technicians and Albanian workers both worked for the same wages. Strategically, the Adriatic Sea was attractive to China, because China hoped that it could gain more allies in Eastern Europe through Albania - a hope which was misplaced. Zhou Enlai visited Albania in January Both [Albania and China] hold that the relations between socialist countries are international relations of a new type.

Relations between socialist countries, big or small, economically more developed or less developed, must be based on the principles of complete equality, respect for territorial sovereignty and independence, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and must also be based on the principles of mutual assistance in accordance with proletarian internationalism.

It is necessary to oppose great-nation chauvinism and national egoism in relations between socialist countries. It is absolutely impermissible to impose the will of one country upon another, or to impair the independence, sovereignty and interests of the people, of a fraternal country on the pretext of 'aid' or 'international division of labour. Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape "Donate to the archive" User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest.

Sign up Log in. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Open Library American Libraries. But unlike his wishes and passions for the science of the history and the politics, he becomes the scholarship for the faculty of the natural sciences special subject biology at the University of Montpellier, France.

In March of the year the scholarship is withdrawn from him by Zog's Kingdom and he is forced to leave Montpellier and he goes to Paris where he stays by the end of the year After it he succeeds to obtain a job in Brussels as an only employee in the Albanian consulate in Belgium, but after some months, beginning summerthe Albanian government dismissed him because of his revolutionary views and because he had filled up the only office of the consulate with Marxist literature.

Finally in July of the year Enver Hoxha returns to the native country and from this moment he dedicates the efforts and aims of his life to the fight to the liberation of the people. The oath which he gave on July 29th, on the grave of Bajo Topulli, in Gjirokastra, that he and the whole youth will fight for "a better Albania", for "a successful progress of the native country" and "the real union of the nation", was for him a program of the fight.

Enver Hoxha restores the connection with the communist group "The Work" very fast and becomes with his theoretical horizon and his practical activities one of the most active members and with a most promising future of the communist movement of Albania. His revolutionary activities developed after the occupation, what was the fascist fast into the eye and they dismissed him in December with the reason, to be an "element against the regime".

The long, arduous and glorious way of the professional revolutionary started for Enver Hoxha already since this moment. Until October he hid his revolutionary activities behind the "profession of a seller and dealer" in the store "Flora", while he betake himself into illegality after the demonstration of October 28th, The largest historical income Enver Hoxhas for this period consists in the fact that he understood the essential necessity of the creation of the Communist Party of Albania as a defining prerequisite to the mobilization, organization and leadership of the people in the fight for the national and social liberation in its depth.

He dedicated all his strengths and efforts to the realization of these basic tasks. Very fast he tied strong connections with communist militant like Qemal Stafa, Vasil Shanto, etc. On November 8th,after two years of untiring and uninterrupted work under heavy conditions of the fascist terror, Enver Hoxha accomplished together with the true Albanian communists the work which would represent the radical turn in the destiny of the people and our country.

They founded the Communist Party of Albania, the faithful leader who would show the people the way of the fight for the national and social liberation and later the way to the socialism. The Foundation Meeting 8thth November, elected Enver Hoxha as a member of the Provisional Central Committee and although no secretary of the Central Committee became decided, he became commissioned with the management of the work of the Provisional Central Committee.

Enver Hoxha in cooperation with Qemal Stafa is enver hoxhaj biography of abraham at this moment the two first programmatic documents of the CPA in which the political, ideological and organizational base of the party and the basic questions of their general line are fixed: "Resolution of the Foundation Meeting" and "Proclamation of the Central Committee to the Albanian People".

Immediately after the foundation of the CPA Enver Hoxha starts together with the comrades and at their lead with iron will the work to the organization and distribution of the party in the whole country, works out the party line to the mobilization of the masses in a broad antifascist front and for the organization and expansion of the armed fight against the occupying forces.

Known in the party and in the rows of the sympathizers under the pseudonyms "Tarasi", "Shpati", "Valbona", "Hasani", "Saliu", "Malo", ect. All defining and essential events of the party and the people during the years of the antifascist national struggle for liberation carry the stamp of the Marxist-Leninist way of thinking and the excellent revolutionary activity Enver Hoxhas.

The First Country Conference, which because of the great problems that it analyzed and the historical decisions of that it took hold, had the meaning of a Party Congress, elected Enver Hoxha member of the Politburo and secretary general of the CPA. Enver Hoxha at the head of the party developed an uninterrupted work into the creation and expansion of the connections with the masses to give them the consciousness and to summarize them in the strong antifascist movement.

The Conference of Peza Septemberorganized on initiative of the CPA and personal initiative Enver Hoxhas, created the base of the National Liberation Front, as a political organization in which one the pugnacious union of the Albanian people under the leadership of the CPA would be realized. At the head of the Central Committee of the Party, Enver Hoxha worked out the military line of the CPA and lead its execution to the organization and extension of the armed rebellion in all areas of the country, and in the direct fight, the creation of the National Liberation Army of Albania.

As politcommissar of the general staff of the National Liberation Army June and later as general commanding officer of the National Liberation Army May Enver Hoxha puts all his talents and abilities into the service of the creation, into the getting greater and the toughening of the National Liberation Army as an army of the people. He made an excellent contribution to the historical victory of the antifascist national struggle for liberation and the erection and defense of the people's democratic order.

To the CPA and its leader Enver Hoxha are given the historical merits that they connected and merged the fight for the national liberation closely with the fight for the social liberation, the fall of the old power and the arrangement of the new people's power. The directives and instructions of the Central Committee and Enver Hoxhas have played a decisive role to the creation, spreading and strengthening of the National Liberation Councils as a base of the new revolutionary power of government as an organ of the fight and the union of the people.