Florence nightingale graham children hospital

Florence nightingale graham children hospital: The fifth of five children,

She is an environmentalist, a former member of parliament, a former president of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women, and a long-time activist on womens issues. She has an honorary doctorate from York University. It will be a tool of enormous value not only to Nightgale scholars and biographers, but also to historians of a wide variety of aspects of Victorian society: war, the army, public health nursing, religion, India, women's issues and so on.

The volume on hospitals brings together many of Nightingale's interests and clearly demonstrates her enormous impact on all aspects of hospital management The editor is to be congratulated on what can only be described as a magisterial piece of scholarship. It will have an impact on the work of scholars far beyond the immediate field of health history.

Nightingale's interests were wide-ranging and her correspondence included some of the leading thinkers of her day The editing of these volumes is exemplary. Every reference has been followed up, including the identification of minor dramatis personae. Ensuring these problems are not repeated necessitates attention to those who have gone before us.

Building on the precedents set by pioneers such as Charles West and Florence Nightingale, the field is continuing to progress rapidly. We still face significant challenges however. It is for reasons such as these, that it is so important to put clinical care into context — helping us to understand the origins of the field, and thus provide child policy recommendations for the future.

Edward Alan Glasper is a children's and young people's nurse with longstanding interests in healthcare for children. Lately, his interests have focused primarily on measuring how children's hospitals and units comply with policy recommendations pertinent to the care of sick children and their families. It provides concise, practical, and expert clinical advice for students and practising nurses.

Covering assessment and management, right through to advice for the family, the authors provide information on a wide range of topics, including normal growth and development, pain, palliative care, religion and culture, and professional issues. Our Privacy Policy sets out how Oxford University Press handles your personal information, and your rights to object to your personal information being used for marketing to you or florence nightingale graham children hospital processed as part of our business activities.

He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War again during the Crimean War when he and his wife would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's disease in because of the pressure her programme of reform placed on him.

Nightingale also much later had strong relations with academic Benjamin Jowettwho may have wanted to marry her. Nightingale continued her travels now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge as far as Greece and Egypt. While in Athens, Greece, Nightingale rescued a juvenile little owl from a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena.

Nightingale often carried the owl in her pocket, until the pet died shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea. Her writings on Egypt, in particular, are testimony to her learning, literary skill, and philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in Januaryshe wrote of the Abu Simbel temples"Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome the strongest man.

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary as distinct from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return : "God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life and issued her findings anonymously in ; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc.

Britain and France entered the war against Russia on the side of the Ottoman Empire. On 21 Octobershe and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses including her head nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith, [ 22 ] and 15 Catholic nuns mobilised by Henry Edward Manning [ 23 ] were sent under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert to the Ottoman Empire.

On the way, Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari early in November Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal.

There was no equipment to process food for the patients:. After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. The result was Renkioi Hospitala civilian facility that, under the management of Edmund Alexander Parkeshad a death rate less than one tenth of that of Scutari.

During her first winter at Scutari, 4, soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhustyphoidcholeraand dysentery than from battle wounds. With overcrowding, defective sewers and lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in Marchalmost six months after Nightingale had arrived.

The commission flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. In and the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources.

Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions.

This experience influenced her later career when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in the army and turned her attention to the sanitary design of hospitals and the introduction of sanitation in working-class homes see Statistics and Sanitary Reform. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs.

Seacole in Many Landsrecords only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. However, Seacole pointed out that when she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was at the root of that rebuttal.

Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses absolutely out of the question! Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness — also much drunkenness and improper conduct". When I passed through Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging. The arrival of two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Mercyto assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses from Nightingale.

Mary Clare Moore headed the first wave and placed herself and her Sisters under the authority of Nightingale. The two were to remain friends for the rest of their lives. She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her.

When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds. The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's florence nightingale graham children hospital "Santa Filomena": [ 41 ].

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by the troops after using a hammer to break into locked storage to access medicine to treat the wounded. However, Russell thought the behaviour was unladylike, and invented an alternative, leading to "The Lady with the Lamp". In the Crimea on 29 Novemberthe Nightingale Fund was established for the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work in the war.

There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. In her letters she described spas in the Ottoman Empiredetailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vital details of patients whom she directed there. She noted that the treatment there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland.

In she said the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home Claydon House would be "the most beautiful hospital in England", and in called it "an excellent model to follow". Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing The book served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at home.

Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease, or that it can florence nightingale graham children hospital from disease, takes a higher place. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to have — distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have".

Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising the nursing profession. In the introduction to the edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The book was the first of its kind ever to be written.

It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing".

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system in Britain from the s onwards. In the first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found no other job and therefore were forced to earn their living by this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his — published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Sarah Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt.

According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Nightingale Museum"When she [Nightingale] started out there was no such thing as nursing. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood.

Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did. Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entire life, a biography disagrees, [ 49 ] saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known as contagionism.

This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by touch. Before the experiments of the mids by Pasteur and Listerhardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in the early s Nightingale wrote an article for a textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to kill germs.

Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Her ideas inspired the volunteer body of the United States Sanitary Commission. Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and that her new style of matrons had full control and discipline over their nursing staff.

This was not an isolated episode and other matrons experienced similar issues, such as Eva Luckes.

Florence nightingale graham children hospital: She was born Florence Nightingale

In the s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards"America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the United States with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. InNightingale became the first recipient of the Royal Red Cross. Inshe became the first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit.

Her birthday is now celebrated as International May 12th Awareness Day. From onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered from depression. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis as the cause. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world.

Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her last decade. She wrote very little during that period due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she still retained an interest in current affairs. Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women everywhere, Nightingale believed that women craved sympathy and were not as capable as men.

However, she did have several important and long-lasting friendships with women. Later in life, she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Mary Clare Moorewith whom she had worked in Crimea. Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire life, perhaps because she felt a religious calling to her career.

Florence Nightingale died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, MayfairLondon, on 13 Augustat the age of Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutelage of her father. InNightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society.

Her attention turned to the health of the British Army in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding, and poor ventilation were causing the high death rate. Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India.

In andshe successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. Two years later, she provided a report to the commission, which completed its own study in The Royal Sanitary Commission of — presented Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeldto strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to pay for connection to mains drainage.

At the same time, she combined with the retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law to Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats. Historians now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial role in increasing average national life expectancy by 20 years between and the mids during which time medical science made no impact on the most fatal epidemic diseases.

Historian of science I. Bernard Cohen argues:.

Florence nightingale graham children hospital: In , she laid the

Nightingale's achievements are all the more impressive when they are considered against the background of social restraints on florences nightingale graham children hospital in Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, and the family moved in the highest circles of English society.

In those days, women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear children. Nightingale was fortunate. Her father believed women should be educated, and he personally taught her Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and — most unusual of all for women of the time — writing and mathematics.

Lytton Strachey was famous for his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians Nightingale gets a full chapter, but instead of debunking her, Strachey praised her in a way that raised her national reputation and made her an icon for English feminists of the s and s. While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism.

She wrote some books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was an page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately inbut which until recently was never published in its entirety. Strachey included it in The Causea history of the women's movement.

Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra 's. Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess in the temple of Apollo during the Trojan War.

The god gave her the gift of prophecy ; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf ". Inthe poet Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently from Nightingale's writings.

Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained in the Church of England throughout her life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition[ f ] Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others.

Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell and was a believer in universal reconciliation — the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to heaven. For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell and said to her "Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time".

The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, are you not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine. Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that the pagan and eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation.

She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work and would ensure the nurses in her care attended religious services. However, she was often critical of organised religion.

She disliked the role the 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. During the Crimean war, Nightingale became a household name after a portrait of her tending to patients was published in The Times.

She was described by The Times:. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds. Image Credit: CC. Although she often travelled under the pseudonym, Miss Smith, Nightingale began to use her position of influence to further nursing interests.

With the support of Queen Victoriashe persuaded the government to set up a Royal Commission to explore the health of the army. They uncovered some shocking statistics — that 16, out of 18, deaths were due to diseases, not battle wounds. InNightingale sought to demonstrate the effects of the Sanitary Commission through a diagram.

This visual presentation is taken for granted nowbut it was a relatively novel way of presenting data — the pie chart had first been developed by William Playfair in The Rose diagram was widely republished, and brought the issue to the forefront of public attention. Nightingale described its effect on the British public. In this period, nurses were considered a joke figure.

Dickens caricatured the standards of care through his character Sarah Gamp, who was incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt. Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Nightingale Museum, summarises how Nightingale changed this:. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration.