Robert brown botanist biography of mahatma

Scottish botanist — The Right Honourable. Portrait by Henry William Pickersgill. MontroseScotland. London, England [ 1 ]. Early life [ edit ]. To Australia on the Investigator [ edit ]. Preparations [ edit ]. Desertas, Madeira and the Cape of Good Hope [ edit ]. Australia [ edit ]. Subsequent career [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. Brownian motion [ edit ].

Publications [ edit ].

Robert brown botanist biography of mahatma: Robert Brown (botanist, born ). The

Further reading [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. The Spectator. Retrieved 19 March Jupiter botanicus: Robert Brown of the British Museum. British Museum Natural History. ISBN Memoirs of W. Harvey, M. Australian Garden History. JSTOR Common ground : who's who in New Zealand botanical names. New Plymouth. OCLC Brown — ". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Retrieved 19 July American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 8 September The Birth of the Cell. Yale University Press. Go through this biography to know in details about his life, profile, childhood and timeline. Charles Darwin was one of the most influential figures in human history. Go through this biography to get details about his life, profile and timeline.

Considered as the pioneer of the 'Brownian Motion', Robert Brown, who set out to be a doctor, soon discovered his love for botany, thus changing the course of his life. As a botanist, he excelled, developing a passion for cryptogams, more commonly known as mosses. In his endeavour he worked in partnership with several other famous botanists including James Dickson and Sir Joseph Banks.

One of his major contributions to this field of biology came when he went on an expedition to Australia, accompanying Sir Banks. It was on this voyage that he gathered most of the plant species which he explored in his lifetime. Though a major portion was lost in a shipwreck on his way back to Britain, what remained proved to be significant in the study of plants.

Throughout his life, he studied all the specimens he had collected, publishing research papers on them in a bid to share this valuable knowledge. His contribution to this field is considered monumental, even today, and hence several species of herbs and other plants have been named in his honour. Read on to know more about this ingenious botanist.

Read on to know more about his childhood, career, profile and timeline. Upon completion of his primary education, he was enrolled at Aberdeen's 'Marischal College'. However he was forced to drop out when they decided to settle down in Edinburgh. However, his interests soon shifted to botany, and it seemed that the young man had finally found his calling.

In these pieces, the richness of his drawings was integral to their comic effect, as in his send-up of Michelangelo's famous Creation of Adam fresco from the Sistine Chapel. The caption: "Pull my finger! Active during a key period in the civil rights movement, Brown dealt directly with race relations in many of his cartoons. His achievement in these works was to incorporate incisive social commentary while avoiding overt or strident political expression.

Using disarming humor, he was able to provoke both thought and laughter from blacks and whites alike. An example of his approach appeared in Playboy 's October issue. We Can Work It Out. Besides his cartoon work, Brown also produced works in the larger format of painted canvas. These paintings also reflected his sense of humor and his flair for playful social commentary; he painted, he said, in the soul genre.

Some of his paintings were purchased by celebrities.

Robert brown botanist biography of mahatma: He lived in Wardha, a

Out in the ocean was a big ship. He had all of these Africans coming out to greet the ship, and they were all dressed as basketball players. There was a coach standing there with them. Brown was known as an unpretentious, easygoing gentleman. He continued to draw cartoons, paint, and exhibit his artwork into his later years and died on July 2,after suffering a stroke.

Who's Who Among African Americans20th ed. Los Angeles Times, July 12, Although Scottish botanist Robert Brown was responsible for discovering the nucleus of a cell, he is perhaps best known for his discovery of the random movement of microscopic particles in a surrounding solution, later referred to as " Brownian motion. Robert Brown was born in Montrose, Scotland—the son of an Episcopalian minister.

Although he later discarded his religious faith, Brown gained an appreciation for high intellectual standards from his father. He studied at Marischal College in Aberdeen, and completed his medical studies at Edinburgh University in Immediately after graduation, Brown served as an assistant surgeon in the Fifeshire Regiment of Fencibles, an army regiment stationed in Northern Ireland.

His journal entries during this period suggest that Brown's military duties did not demand much of his time. Not one to waste time, Brown's intellectual curiosity led him to study the German language. He also continued his botanical pursuits, memorizing the structures of various plants such as ferns and mosses. His knowledge of German later helped Brown recognize a significant scientific work in that language Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen, by C.

Sprengel, and bring it to the attention of peer and fellow scientist, Charles Darwin, in Banks was a prominent lover of botany who used the resources in his home which included a large library and plant room to create a botanical center for enthusiasts in the region. Banks was particularly interested in meeting Brown, who had been highly recommended by a peer, Jose Correa da Serra.

Both Banks and his current botanist librarian were impressed with Brown's intellectual tenacity. The meeting between Brown and Banks was fortuitous and would later provide the young Scottish botanist with opportunities that would enhance his career. Brown continued to serve as an army official in London duringbut was not forgotten by Banks.

A few years after their original meeting, Banks chose Brown to serve as a naturalist for an expedition by sea beginning in The chief purpose of the expedition was to study the flora and fauna of the north and south coasts of Australia. Banks used his influence with the Admiralty who sponsored the voyage to secure the position for Brown.

In typical fashion, Brown spent much of his time preparing for the expedition by studying what was known about the plants of Australia. Captain Matthew Flinders led the expedition. The team of naturalists made several stops including King George Sound which proved to host a wealth of previously undiscovered plant speciesand Port Jackson.

Brown spent ten months in Port Jackson, while the ship returned to Timor for provisions. By the time Brown returned to London inhe had collected over 4, samples of plants, supplemental drawings, and specimens for zoological research. Banks convinced the Admiralty to give him a salary for classifying and describing the plant samples that had been collected.

The task took Brown an additional five years. Brown's collection included 2, species of plants, at least 1, new species, and new plant genera. While Brown catalogued his collection from the expedition, he also served as librarian for the Linnean Society, beginning in He also served as Banks' librarian, beginning in The study modified one of the prevailing systems of plant classification the Jussiaean system by adding new families and genera and including observations about plants worldwide.

Even though the study was well received by peers and botanists, Brown had to pay the costs of publication and was only able to sell 24 of printed copies. This effort appeared to have discouraged him and Brown never completed a companion volume that would have covered robert brown botanist biography of mahatma plant families from the expedition.

Fortunately, Brown's botanical observations were also recorded in his memoirs, such as his "General Remarks, Geographical and Systematical, on the Botany of Terra Australis"; a piece that was published in Flinders' A Voyage to Terra Australis in Brown's disappointing experience while publishing his study of Australian flora affected the style of his future work.

He attempted no further broad syntheses, but instead published his discoveries or thoughts as appendages to other works or as pieces of his memoirs.

Robert brown botanist biography of mahatma: Robert Brown was a

Banks, who had already provided the botanist with opportunities and resources for advancement, gave Brown one final gift. When he died inBanks' entire library and all collections were left to Brown. According to the terms of the Banks will, these library collections were to be transferred to the British Museum after Brown's death. However, Brown did not wait until his own death to share the wealth of information that Banks had left.

With typical pragmatism, Brown took it upon himself, into convince staff at the British Museum to establish a new botanical department, comprised of the Banks collection. They agreed, and Brown ran the botanical department until his death. The collection was notable for being the first nationally owned collection of such material in Britain that was available to the public as a resource.

During microscopic research performed inBrown made his biggest discovery. While observing the sexual organs of plants under the microscope, the scientist found that pollen grains seemed to be darting around in a random manner. Curious, Brown studied other substances under the microscope in search of the same movement. He discovered that if particles were of a certain size or smallerthat the movement continued to occur.

Brown observed the same movement in glass and rock particles, and theorized that the movement was not limited to living matter. The botanist concluded that the movement was caused by some phenomenon of physics and named the phenomenon " Brownian motion. Brown's discovery provided the first evidence that proved the existence of atoms. The phenomenon of Brownian motion also led scientists to quantify Avagadro's number—a physical constant for describing random motion.

Brown continued his work in botanical research, focusing especially on work with a microscope. He led the field on research that studied fossils under the microscope, and was particularly interested in studying pollination among the higher plant species. His microscopic research led him to discover the nucleus of the cellwhich he observed in plant tissue and which he named.

The presentation of this discovery was typical of much of Brown's work-he imbedded this discovery in a pamphlet which focused on the sexual organs of orchids. In his personal life, Brown was known as a witty, yet quiet man who associated mainly with his peers. He never married and lived a home bequeathed to him by Banks until his death.

Then, he made some other collections in and around Sydney, but was distracted by the unfavorable nature of the local residents. Inhe returned back to England, devoting much of the journey attempting to keep his thousands of plant specimens free from the moist atmosphere which frequently threatened them. However, in the same year, he made his primary work on the Australian flora, entitled The Prodomus — one of the most outstanding flora journals written and a spectacular record not just for the flora of Australia but in the beautiful art of botanical writing as well.

The book still remains remarkable for its scientific rigor and the quality of writing. During the s, Brown worked as librarian in the Linnean Society and served as its clerk and housekeeper. He quit the role in the early s, after Banks died. Banks left Robert Brown an allowance per year and a rented a house in London.