Steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein

You can set your address, phone number, email and site description in the settings tab. Link to read me page with more information. And more! The commonly held view of Albert Einstein is of an eccentric genius for whom the pursuit of science was everything. But in actuality, the brilliant innovator whose Theory of Relativity forever reshaped our understanding of time was a man of his times, always politically engaged and driven by strong moral principles.

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The Bohr—Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohrwho were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible.

Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other. The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a wavefunction.

But because of what would later be called quantum entanglementmeasuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object.

Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it.

A more famous version of this argument came inwhen Einstein published a paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen that laid out what would become known as the EPR paradox. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle.

Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity.

They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty i. From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system.

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality. InJohn Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated.

This constraint would later be called a Bell inequality. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated.

Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated, [ ] [ ] that paper became among the most influential papers published in Physical Review. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory. Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity.

Inhe described his unified field theory in a Scientific American article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a theory of everything is one to which his successors still aspire. Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned.

These pertain to forcesuperconductivityand other research. In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold InfeldNathan RosenPeter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. InOwen Willans Richardson predicted that a change in the magnetic moment of a free body will cause this body to rotate.

This effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. These measurements also allow the separation of the two contributions to the magnetization: that which is associated with the spin and with the orbital motion of the electrons. The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment concived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself.

It was lost among the museum's holdings and was rediscovered in This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, but the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux. Einstein also invented an electromagnetic pump, [ ] sound reproduction device, [ ] and several other household devices.

While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death she died in [ ].

Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archivestold the BBC that there are about 3, pages of private correspondence written between and Einstein's right of publicity was litigated in in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the right had expired, [ ] that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety.

The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right. Mount Einstein in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named in InEinstein was named Time 's Person of the Century. Ina survey of the top physicists voted for Einstein as the "greatest physicist ever", while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists gave the top spot to Isaac Newtonwith Einstein second.

Physicist Lev Landau ranked physicists from 0 to 5 on a logarithmic scale of productivity and genius, with Newton and Einstein belonging in a "super league", with Newton receiving the highest ranking of 0, followed by Einstein with 0. Physicist Eugene Wigner noted that while John von Neumann had the quickest and acute mind he ever knew, the understanding of Einstein was deeper than von Neumann's, stating that: [ ].

But Einstein's understanding was deeper than even Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's.

Steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein: This volume contains. Einstein's insightful

And that is a very remarkable statement. Einstein took an extraordinary pleasure in invention. Two of his greatest inventions are the Special and General Theories of Relativity; and for all of Jancsi's brilliance, he never produced anything so original. No modern physicist has. The year was labeled the " World Year of Physics ", and was also known as "Einstein Year", in recognition of Einstein's " miracle year " in Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in In the period before World War II, The New Yorker published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory".

Eventually he came to cope with unwanted enquirers by pretending to be someone else: Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein. Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".

Many popular quotations are often misattributed to him. Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and inhe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. None of the nominations in met the criteria set by Alfred Nobelso the prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in Einsteiniuma synthetic chemical element, was named in his honor ina few months after his death.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. German-born physicist — For other uses, see Einstein disambiguation and Albert Einstein disambiguation. Princeton, New JerseyU. See list. Coining the term unified field theory Describing mass—energy equivalence Explaining Brownian motion Explaining gravitational waves Explaining the photoelectric effect Formulating Einstein field equations Introducing Bose—Einstein statistics Introducing the cosmological constant Postulating the Bose—Einstein condensate Proposing the EPR paradox Proposing general relativity Proposing special relativity.

Steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein: Albert Einstein was a

Albert Einstein's voice. This article is part of a series about. Political views Religious views Family Oppenheimer relationship. Childhood, youth and education. See also: Einstein family. Einstein's parents, Hermann and Pauline. Marriages, relationships and children. Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. Main article: Political views of Albert Einstein.

Relationship with Zionism. Religious and philosophical views. Main article: Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein. Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics. Main articles: Statistical mechanicsthermal fluctuationsand statistical physics. Theory of critical opalescence. Main article: Critical opalescence. Main article: History of special relativity.

General relativity and the equivalence principle. Main article: History of general relativity. See also: Theory of relativity and Einstein field equations. Hole argument and Entwurf theory. Main article: Physical cosmology. Energy momentum pseudotensor. Main article: Stress—energy—momentum pseudotensor. Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Cartan theory.

Main article: Einstein—Infeld—Hoffmann equations. Main article: Old quantum theory. Photons and energy quanta. Quantized atomic vibrations. Main article: Einstein solid. Bose—Einstein statistics. Main article: Bose—Einstein statistics. Wave—particle duality. Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics. Main article: Bohr—Einstein debates.

Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen paradox. Main article: EPR paradox. Main article: Classical unified field theories. Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations. Collaboration with other scientists. Einstein—de Haas experiment. Main article: Einstein—de Haas effect. Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture. Main article: List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein.

Further information: List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein. Einstein, Albert [Completed 13 December and manuscript received 16 December ]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ed. Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge in German. Bibcode : AnP Einstein, Albert a [Completed 17 March and submitted 18 March ].

Written at Berne, Switzerland. Einstein, Albert b [Completed 30 April ]. Berne, Switzerland: Wyss Buchdruckerei published 20 July Einstein, Albert c [Manuscript received: 11 May ]. Einstein, Albert d [Manuscript received 30 June ]. Annalen der Physik Submitted manuscript. Einstein, Albert e [Manuscript received 27 September ]. Einstein, Albert [Completed 25 November ].

Sitzungsberichte in German. Einstein, Albert [Issued 29 June ]. Sitzungsberichte Bibcode : SPAW Einstein, Albert a. Einstein, Albert b. Physikalische Zeitschrift in German. Bibcode : PhyZ Einstein, Albert 31 January Retrieved 14 November Einstein, Albert [First publishedin English ]. Written at Gothenburg. Nobel Lectures, Physics — in German and English.

Stockholm: Nobelprice. Einstein, Albert [Published 10 July ]. Archived from the original Online page images on 14 October First of a series of papers on this topic. Written at Berlin. Die Naturwissenschaften in German. Heidelberg, Germany: — Bibcode : NW ISSN S2CID Translated by Cowper, A. US: Dover Publications published ISBN Retrieved 4 January Einstein, Albert Sonderasugabe aus den Sitzungsb.

Einstein, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : PNAS PMC PMID Einstein, Albert; Rosen, Nathan Physical Review. Bibcode : PhRv Physical Review Submitted manuscript. Scientific American. Bibcode : SciAm. Ideas and Opinions. New York: Crown Publishers.

Steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein: celebrate the life and legacy of

New York: Three Rivers Press. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. Stachel, John ; Martin J. Klein; A. Kox; Michel Janssen; R. Schulmann; Diana Komos Buchwald; et al. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Princeton University Press. Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project [ ] and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page.

Einstein, Albert; et al. The New York Times. Melville, New York. Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 25 May Einstein, Albert May Sweezy, Paul; Huberman, Leo eds. Monthly Review. Reprise ". New York: Monthly Review Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 16 January — via MonthlyReview. Einstein, Albert September Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa.

Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. OCLC Foreword originally written in April Autobiographical Notes. Paul Arthur Schilpp Centennial ed. Chicago: Open Court. The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48— The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory. Heinrich Burkhardt Heinrich Zangger History of gravitational theory List of coupled cousins List of German inventors and discoverers List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of peace activists Relativity priority dispute Sticky bead argument.

She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.

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Steven j greenbaum biography of albert einstein: Richard Phillips Feynman was an

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Clegg, Brian ed. Albert Einstein, in Second Physics: The 50 most fundamental concepts in physics, each explained in half a minute. London: Ivy Press. Einstein Online in German and English. Archived from the original on 21 August Archived PDF from the original on 9 September Retrieved 4 August Retrieved 21 December By an application of the theory of relativity to the taste of readers, today in Germany I am called a German man of science, and in England I am represented as a Swiss Jew.

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