Biography of nelson mandella

Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 18 July Archived PDF from the original on 23 December Archived from the original on 18 December Archived from the original on 9 February Retrieved 23 January Barber, James Barnard, Rita In Rita Barnard ed. The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Battersby, John In Anthony Sampson ed. Mandela: The Authorised Biography. London: HarperCollins. Benneyworth, Garth South African Historical Journal. Benson, Mary Nelson Mandela. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Boehmer, Elleke Archived from the original on 12 January Retrieved 27 August Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bromley, Roger Broun, Kenneth S.

Ellis, Stephen Journal of Southern African Studies. Cold War History. Forster, Dion Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. Freund, Bill African Political Economy. Glad, Betty ; Blanton, Robert Presidential Studies Quarterly. JSTOR Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Herbst, Jeffrey In Theodore K. Rabb; Ezra N. Suleiman eds.

London: Routledge. Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy — Hutton, Barbara Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance. Bellville: Pearson South Africa. Kalumba, Kibujjo M. Journal of Social Philosophy. Landau, Paul Stuart. Mandela: A Critical Life. Lukhele, Francis Canadian Journal of African Studies. Mafela, Munzhedzi James Indigenous Biography and Autobiography.

Retrieved 15 June Mandela, Nelson Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: — Little, Brown and Company. Mandela, Nelson []. Mangcu, Xolela Meer, Fatima London: Hamish Hamilton.

Biography of nelson mandella: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in

Meredith, Martin Mandela: A Biography. New York: PublicAffairs. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. Third World Quarterly. Nelson, Steven Read, James H. Journal of Power. Sampson, Anthony []. Smith, David James Young Mandela. Soudien, Crain Suttner, Raymond African Historical Review. African Identities. Journal of Asian and African Studies. Tomaselli, Keyan ; Tomaselli, Ruth Nelson Mandela at Wikipedia's sister projects.

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Mandela in October In office 10 May — 14 June Frederik Willem de Klerk as State President. In office 7 July — 20 December In office May — 7 July In office December — Walter Rubusana. In office 2 September — 14 June Mandela Graveyard, QunuEastern Cape. Anti-apartheid activism. Madiba Tata Dalibunga. Writing career. Long Walk to Freedom.

Preceded by F. President of South Africa — Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki. However, Mandela later completed his degree at the University of South Africa. Following his expulsion, Mandela moved to Johannesburg in This biography of nelson mandella opened his eyes not only to an industrial city but also to a nation of injustice based on racial segregation.

For the first time, he saw himself as a black man in a white society. After the election ofthe National Party gained power in South Africa. Consequently, this began a formal system of racial classification and segregation — the system of apartheid. Subsequently, he was served a banning order that restricted his freedom of speech and movement.

The order banned Mandela from attending public meetings or discussing important national matters with more than one person at a time. This was an attempt by the government to break apart the ANC. In Junehe led the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws, where groups throughout South Africa executed various acts of defiance in main cities.

Biography of nelson mandella: President. On he was inaugurated as

It was the first large-scale, multi-racial political mobilization against the apartheid laws. Mandela fought the Apartheid system both politically and professionally. That same year, he and his colleague Oliver Tambo, an ANC leader, established the first black law practices that specialized in cases affected by the apartheid legislation.

The Treason Trials dragged on for almost five years and the defendants were eventually acquitted in During this time, Mandela met his wife Winifred Nomzamo Madikizela when she was 22, standing at a bus stop in Soweto. They married on June 14,and had two daughters, Zenani and Zindzi. On March 21,police opened fire on a massive, organized demonstration against the Pass Laws killing 69 unarmed peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville.

On December 5,Mandela and other activists were arrested and went on trial for treason. All of the defendants were acquitted inbut in the meantime tensions within the ANC escalated, with a militant faction splitting off in to form the Pan Africanist Congress PAC. Forced to go underground and wear disguises to evade detection, Mandela decided that the time had come for a more radical approach than passive resistance.

It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle. In JanuaryMandela traveled abroad illegally to attend a conference of African nationalist leaders in Ethiopia, visit the exiled Oliver Tambo in London and undergo guerilla training in Algeria.

The following July, police raided an ANC hideout in Rivonia, a suburb on the outskirts of Johannesburg, and arrested a racially diverse group of MK leaders who had gathered to debate the merits of a guerilla insurgency. Evidence was found implicating Mandela and other activists, who were brought to stand trial for sabotage, treason and violent conspiracy alongside their associates.

Mandela and seven biography of nelson mandella defendants narrowly escaped the gallows and were instead sentenced to life imprisonment during the so-called Rivonia Trial, which lasted eight months and attracted substantial international attention. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

Nelson Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison, a former leper colony off the coast of Cape Town, where he was confined to a small cell without a bed or plumbing and compelled to do hard labor in a lime quarry. As a Black political prisoner, he received scantier rations and fewer privileges than other inmates.

Due in no small part to the work of Mandela and President de Klerk, negotiations between Black and white South Africans prevailed: On April 27,South Africa held its first democratic elections. Mandela was inaugurated as the country's first Black president on May 10,at the age of 77, with de Klerk as his first deputy. From until JunePresident Mandela worked to bring about the transition from minority rule and apartheid to Black majority rule.

He used the nation's enthusiasm for sports as a pivot point to promote reconciliation between white and Black people, encouraging Black South Africans to support the once-hated national rugby team. InSouth Africa came to the world stage by hosting the Rugby World Cup, which brought further recognition and prestige to the young republic.

That year Mandela was also awarded the Order of Merit. During his presidency, Mandela also worked to protect South Africa's economy from collapse. Through his Reconstruction and Development Plan, the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and basic health care. InMandela signed into law a new constitution for the nation, establishing a strong central government based on majority rule, and guaranteeing both the rights of minorities and the freedom of expression.

By the general election, Mandela had retired from active politics.

Biography of nelson mandella: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South

He continued to maintain a busy schedule, however, raising money to build schools and clinics in South Africa's rural heartland through his foundation, and serving as a mediator in Burundi's civil war. Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer in In Juneat the age of 85, he announced his formal retirement from public life and returned to his native village of Qunu.

On July 18,Mandela and wife Graca Machel co-founded The Eldersa group of world leaders aiming to work both publicly and privately to find solutions to some of the world's toughest issues. The Elders' impact has spanned Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and their actions have included promoting peace and women's equality, demanding an end to atrocities, and supporting initiatives to address humanitarian crises and promote democracy.

In addition to advocating for peace and equality on both a national and global scale, in his later years, Mandela remained committed to the fight against AIDS. His son Makgatho died of the disease in Mandela made his last public appearance at the final match of the World Cup in South Africa in He remained largely out of the spotlight in his later years, choosing to spend much of his time in his childhood community of Qunu, south of Johannesburg.

He did, however, visit with U. Barack Obama, while a junior senator from Illinois, also met with Mandela during his trip to the United States. Mandela died on December 5,at the age of 95 in his home in Johannesburg, South Africa. After suffering a lung infection in JanuaryMandela was briefly hospitalized in Johannesburg to undergo biography of nelson mandella for a stomach ailment in early He was released after a few days, later returning to Qunu.

Mandela would be hospitalized many times over the next several years — in DecemberMarch and June — for further testing and medical treatment relating to his recurrent lung infection. Following his June hospital visit, Machel, canceled a scheduled appearance in London to remain at her husband's side, and his daughter, Zenani Dlamini, flew back from Argentina to South Africa to be with her father.

Jacob ZumaSouth Africa's president, issued a statement in response to public concern over Mandela's March health scare, asking for support in the form of prayer: "We appeal to the people of South Africa and the world to pray for our beloved Madiba and his family and to keep them in their thoughts," Zuma said. InMandela published his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedommuch of which he had secretly written while in prison.

The book inspired the movie Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. InMandela's birthday July 18 was declared Mandela Day, an international day to promote global peace and celebrate the South African leader's legacy. According to the Nelson Mandela Foundationthe annual event is meant to encourage citizens worldwide to give back the way that Mandela has throughout his lifetime.

A statement on the Nelson Mandela Foundation's website reads: "Mr. Mandela gave 67 years of his life fighting for the rights of humanity. We strive for accuracy and fairness.